July 2008
Monthly Archive
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Technology Tips09 Jul 2008 11:46 pm
History of the Computer - Computers and Technology
The volume and use of computers in the world are so great, they have become difficult to ignore anymore. Computers appear to us in so many ways that many times, we fail to see them as they actually are. People associated with a computer when they purchased their morning coffee at the vending machine. As they drove themselves to work, the traffic lights that so often hampered us are controlled by computers in an attempt to speed the journey. Accept it or not, the computer has invaded our life.
The origins and roots of computers started out as many other inventions and technologies have in the past. They evolved from a relatively simple idea or plan designed to help perform functions easier and quicker. The first basic type of computers were designed to do just that; compute!. They performed basic math functions such as multiplication and division and displayed the results in a variety of methods. Some computers displayed results in a binary representation of electronic lamps. Binary denotes using only ones and zeros thus, lit lamps represented ones and unlit lamps represented zeros. The irony of this is that people needed to perform another mathematical function to translate binary to decimal to make it readable to the user.
One of the first computers was called ENIAC. It was a huge, monstrous size nearly that of a standard railroad car. It contained electronic tubes, heavy gauge wiring, angle-iron, and knife switches just to name a few of the components. It has become difficult to believe that computers have evolved into suitcase sized micro-computers of the 1990’s.
Computers eventually evolved into less archaic looking devices near the end of the 1960’s. Their size had been reduced to that of a small automobile and they were processing segments of information at faster rates than older models. Most computers at this time were termed “mainframes” due to the fact that many computers were linked together to perform a given function. The primary user of these types of computers were military agencies and large corporations such as Bell, AT&T, General Electric, and Boeing. Organizations such as these had the funds to afford such technologies. However, operation of these computers required extensive intelligence and manpower resources. The average person could not have fathomed trying to operate and use these million dollar processors.
The United States was attributed the title of pioneering the computer. It was not until the early 1970’s that nations such as Japan and the United Kingdom started utilizing technology of their own for the development of the computer. This resulted in newer components and smaller sized computers. The use and operation of computers had developed into a form that people of average intelligence could handle and manipulate without to much ado. When the economies of other nations started to compete with the United States, the computer industry expanded at a great rate. Prices dropped dramatically and computers became more affordable to the average household.
Like the invention of the wheel, the computer is here to stay.The operation and use of computers in our present era of the 1990’s has become so easy and simple that perhaps we may have taken too much for granted. Almost everything of use in society requires some form of training or education. Many people say that the predecessor to the computer was the typewriter. The typewriter definitely required training and experience in order to operate it at a usable and efficient level. Children are being taught basic computer skills in the classroom in order to prepare them for the future evolution of the computer age.
The history of computers started out about 2000 years ago, at the birth of the abacus, a wooden rack holding two horizontal wires with beads strung on them. When these beads are moved around, according to programming rules memorized by the user, all regular arithmetic problems can be done. Another important invention around the same time was the Astrolabe, used for navigation.
Blaise Pascal is usually credited for building the first digital computer in 1642. It added numbers entered with dials and was made to help his father, a tax collector. In 1671, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented a computer that was built in 1694. It could add, and, after changing some things around, multiply. Leibnitz invented a special stopped gear mechanism for introducing the addend digits, and this is still being used.
The prototypes made by Pascal and Leibnitz were not used in many places, and considered weird until a little more than a century later, when Thomas of Colmar (A.K.A. Charles Xavier Thomas) created the first successful mechanical calculator that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. A lot of improved desktop calculators by many inventors followed, so that by about 1890, the range of improvements included: Accumulation of partial results, storage and automatic reentry of past results (A memory function), and printing of the results. Each of these required manual installation. These improvements were mainly made for commercial users, and not for the needs of science.
While Thomas of Colmar was developing the desktop calculator, a series of very interesting developments in computers was started in Cambridge, England, by Charles Babbage (of which the computer store “Babbages” is named), a mathematics professor. In 1812, Babbage realized that many long calculations, especially those needed to make mathematical tables, were really a series of predictable actions that were constantly repeated. From this he suspected that it should be possible to do these automatically. He began to design an automatic mechanical calculating machine, which he called a difference engine. By 1822, he had a working model to demonstrate. Financial help from the British Government was attained and Babbage started fabrication of a difference engine in 1823. It was intended to be steam powered and fully automatic, including the printing of the resulting tables, and commanded by a fixed instruction program.
The difference engine, although having limited adaptability and applicability, was really a great advance. Babbage continued to work on it for the next 10 years, but in 1833 he lost interest because he thought he had a better idea; the construction of what would now be called a general purpose, fully program-controlled, automatic mechanical digital computer. Babbage called this idea an Analytical Engine. The ideas of this design showed a lot of foresight, although this couldn’t be appreciated until a full century later.
The plans for this engine required an identical decimal computer operating on numbers of 50 decimal digits (or words) and having a storage capacity (memory) of 1,000 such digits. The built-in operations were supposed to include everything that a modern general - purpose computer would need, even the all important Conditional Control Transfer Capability that would allow commands to be executed in any order, not just the order in which they were programmed.
As people can see, it took quite a large amount of intelligence and fortitude to come to the 1990’s style and use of computers. People have assumed that computers are a natural development in society and take them for granted. Just as people have learned to drive an automobile, it also takes skill and learning to utilize a computer.
Computers in society have become difficult to understand. Exactly what they consisted of and what actions they performed were highly dependent upon the type of computer. To say a person had a typical computer doesn’t necessarily narrow down just what the capabilities of that computer was. Computer styles and types covered so many different functions and actions, that it was difficult to name them all. The original computers of the 1940’s were easy to define their purpose when they were first invented. They primarily performed mathematical functions many times faster than any person could have calculated. However, the evolution of the computer had created many styles and types that were greatly dependent on a well defined purpose.
The computers of the 1990’s roughly fell into three groups consisting of mainframes, networking units, and personal computers. Mainframe computers were extremely large sized modules and had the capabilities of processing and storing massive amounts of data in the form of numbers and words. Mainframes were the first types of computers developed in the 1940’s. Users of these types of computers ranged from banking firms, large corporations and government agencies. They usually were very expensive in cost but designed to last at least five to ten years. They also required well educated and experienced manpower to be operated and maintained. Larry Wulforst, in his book Breakthrough to the Computer Age, describes the old mainframes of the 1940’s compared to those of the 1990’s by speculating, “…the contrast to the sound of the sputtering motor powering the first flights of the Wright Brothers at Kitty Hawk and the roar of the mighty engines on a Cape Canaveral launching pad”. End of part one.
Works Cited
Wulforst, Harry. Breakthrough to the Computer Age. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1982.
Palferman, Jon and Doron Swade. The Dream Machine. London: BBC Books, 1991.
Campbell-Kelly, Martin and William Aspray. Computer, A History of the Information Machine. New York: BasicBooks, 1996.
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Activism09 Jul 2008 05:37 pm
How Taxing Utilities Can Keep Governments In Check
Under free market, all companies can talk all they want that all the stuff they put there is for my own good. However, if the product is overpriced or if it doesn’t serve my interest to get the product, I just don’t buy it.
No companies, full with corruption and inefficiency, will last in the market, unless it is governments companies.
The same mechanism doesn’t apply to governments program.
Indonesian governments build airplanes. It doesn’t make business sense. Then every one is required to buy air plane stocks. Then governments sell the planes to Indonesians’ airways companies.
Bad business gets smaller, smaller, and gone. Bad governments business gets bigger and bigger. There is no check and balance mechanism whatsoever to ensure that when governments spend money the money worth spending.
When governments build public school, people simply says that it benefits the people. Yet, how do we know that the benefits worth the cost? Governments’ public school can be plagued with corruption and efficiency. What are the intensives that the school boards will care about the kids’ interests when deciding curriculum?
Recently we heard costly debate on whether evolution or creationism that should be taught in school. Face it. Do we care? Most of us would rather learn business or economy so we can make big bucks.
I took graduate level Math classes straight without prerequisites and got As easily. Do I need to pay expensive teachers? Different kids have different needs and capability that properly harvested can really cut down costs of education. How do governments’ regulated system adapt to it?
However, the harm of governments’ program can be greatly reduced by requiring anyone that uses it to pay for the utility. That way, if governments build a pyramid and no body visits it then we know that its money wasted.
The list can go on and on. Currently poor people use bikes and the rich use car. Yet governments pay to build roads. The usage of roads is proportional to the usage of gas. There will be less cars and more bicycle if governments tax gasoline and use the money to build roads. That way, people that work at home (like me) and save a lot of cash hence getting rich faster. The only time people will buy car is if it worth’s to pay for the car and the road.
The exception to this principle is on business with economic of scale. Some Nobel winner, like John Nash, argues that deviation from competitive equilibrium is inefficient and encourages governments to actively split monopoly, or even create public monopoly. Some like Milton Friedman argues that even though it is true that some economic of scale is un-efficient. However, there’s nothing you can do about it. After all, the only naturally occurring worldwide monopolies nowadays are diamond monopolies, which will be toppled if it goes too much. The market failures fail to exceed typical governments’ failure.
Hence, I have no strong opinion.
If our country is full with corruption then cost for governments’ failure is huge. So market mechanism is the way. If corruption rate is relatively low, we may be able to play around safely with some governments’ intervention. Watch out for what Friedman says.
Jim Thio is a silver medalist in International Physics Olympiad. He uses his Math skills to provide free financial, business, and marketing advices in
FasterFinancialFreedom.com/art.390.0.html
Internet Information08 Jul 2008 01:24 am
The New DVD
It is generally safe to say that the age of the video cassette recorder is steadily on its approach out and drawing to a close, video cassette recorder can still be all over for an extended time & it is fantastic to find how innumerable folk actually still have them & watch their recorded programmes on them. The piece of home entertainment which is key for every women to own is the DVD player, which is increasingly now branching out to the Digital Versatile Disc Recorder. When DVD recorders were 1 st announced they were particularly expensive.
It is currently possible to pick up a really inexpensive Digital Versatile Disc Recorder if you look hard enough & do a bit of research. Users get bewildered with the differentiation between a DVD recorders and DVD burners; they are 2 completely different bits of technology, although they do generate DVD’s with burning via a laser to a blank DVD disk. All the Digital Versatile Disc recorders can record from any analogue video source, most can record film from digital camcorders via firewire. Amazing prices on Sony DVD Recorders at Sound and Vision. Visit the website.
The superb thing now is that Digital Versatile Disc recorders have under no circumstances been so low-cost so it’s reasonable for you to get a top of the range DVD system for a particularly cheap price. The electronics industry is motivated by the latest equipment, new improvements & product quality, of which these can be found varying virtually every day of the week.
Some of the top brands for DVD recorders at the moment are Sonance, Toshiba & Panasonic, however, if you are seeking for the best of the best & you do not mind spending a bit further to get something profoundly special then you can only go for the Technics Digital Versatile Disc recorder, this really is best of the line & there can be found lots of different ones to choose from. Your next large choice after deciding what brand is whether you want one that has a big hard drive installed in it like the Lazbay one.
Hall Of Shopping08 Jul 2008 12:42 am
Discover Why Ladies Should Clean Dongs Daily
Weekly disinfecting of dildos is essential to avoid gross transmission or infection. of sexually transmitted infections. While some sexual diseases die once the fluid the sexually transmitted infection lives in dries, other sexual diseases such as Hep C and scabies can live for weeks or months outside of the body. If girls desire to prevent pregnancy, it is furthermore key to take off semen that might well be on the dildo before using near or actually the love tunnel. It?s essential to store the dildo instructions for disinfecting the dong and to follow them carefully. If you yourself feel that washing the marital aid justifiably would be too much hard work or unrealistic for you, consider obtaining a different sex aid. The info provided just below presents a very general overview for cleaning different forms of vibrators and isn?t meant to replace the sexy toy manufacturer?s instructions.
For basic sex toy care, remove any batteries. Use a damp and wet soapy sponge to clean your toys, usually with mild soap. Please never dunk electrical components in water. Keep vibes stored in a pouch or container to keep them dry and in a cool, dry place. Marital aids can be magnificent toys to play with so please make sure you yourself are safe and clean with your sessions with sensual aid cleaners. Make sure you try sex with Sex Toys from Sex Bomb, home to sex toys.
Finance Programs07 Jul 2008 09:07 pm
Dirty Money; be careful what you touch
Our money is worn out within a few weeks. Paper money never lasts very long. This is good in that it keeps the fake money to a minimum. But money in the event of an epidemic, virus or disease bio-attack could help spead it fast. now then If the money was coated with .1 mil of ceramic coating it could literally be washed without being destroyed. Glass is impervious to moisture and could be cleaned with steam and be safe to use again. Small businesses could clean the money with a little steam machine before the register in the case of a huge bio attack which is running wild through the population.
The Federal Reserve although would have a slightly increased price to print, the money would surely last three to five times as long. It would be protected in the event of direct sunlight and UV. It would be protected against spreading diseases now, things like TB, common cold, etc. as many Americans are weakened in their immune systems due to Diabetes, AIDS, etc. So we could in fact save lives this way now. As we have illegal aliens coming over the borders without their shots, we are suseptable to so many types of diseases and viruses every day and for the most part we are also using cash everyday, although that will eventually change too, due to use of plastic monies;
http://worldthinktank.net/wttbbs/index.php…&st=0entry285
And electronic payments via RFID implanted devices or Cell phone chip payments or even micro payments on the Internet.
“Lance Winslow” - Online Think Tank forum board. If you have innovative thoughts and unique perspectives, come think with Lance; www.WorldThinkTank.net/wttbbs/
Bikers Den06 Jul 2008 08:27 pm
Tour of Diet - Cycling for Your Health
The last seven years, or so, at the Tour de France has shown a success story that is very uncommon. Winning seven Tour de France championships is a feat that will be extremely hard to duplicate. Lance Armstrong knew it could be done, even overcoming a life threatening bout with cancer.
While admiring the great courage of one man, we can learn from his experience. Many of us struggle to maintain our weight and keep our diets in top form. We cheat with snacks, fast food, and overindulgence. And it shows in the mirror.
Cycling is just one form of exercise that we have to choose from. The benefits are enormous:
- Anyone can cycle. Regardless of ability, we could all take a stroll around the neighborhood.
- Bikes for everyone. A bike can be purchased by even those without legs. There are no limits to what bike manufacturers have developed. You may have seen some of the new styles.
- Family activity. Kids love to bike, and they love to bike in packs. Join the pack.
- Cycling is transportation. It is possible to live without a car. Bike to the market, school, and work. It’s not as far as you think.
- A way to meet friends. There are probably cycling clubs in your area or certain rides to partake in. Check a local bike shop for the ongoings.
- Affordability. Bikes range in price from one hundred to thousands of dollars. Used bikes are great alternatives as well.
- Addiction. Not a bad habit to get addicted to. You’ll get exercise, fresh air, and a chance to explore.
Cycling is a great example of a way to get out of the house and get fit. There are many other options though. It just takes initiative to get going. Local health clubs, YMCAs, and communities sponsor recreational leagues throughout the year. They are a great way to help your diet and get some exercise. The camaraderie in itself is uplifting to the soul.
Finding ways to get out and about is the key to mental and physical health. Many of us spend much of our day sitting. We look at computer screens for hours at a time. It really cannot be that great for our health. Obesity, especially childhood obesity, is on the rise all over the western world and the cure lies in the hands of each one of us.
Take a lesson from those that are admired. What do they do that makes their achievements seem superhuman? If you met Lance Armstrong, there would be no superpowers to discover, but a soul that is connected to a higher meaning of life. That soul connects to the ultimate potential that each of us has the ability to tap into.
Robb Ksiazek writes and publishes information on healthy diets and body at Body-Mass-Index-4U.com. He believes that taking care of your body now will provide longevity and fulfillment.
Living With The Web06 Jul 2008 08:05 am
Uncover What Fast Internet Access is and Delight in Seeing Films Over the Internet
Broadband is ultra fast speed net access, & is significantly speedier than old dial-up access over a modem. If you yourself are browsing this net guide then you are possibly looking at obtaining net access for the first time, or looking to increase your internet speed to broadband.
The perk of high speed internet access is you are able to download telly programmes over the worldwide web this has became greatly popular with ITV launching their new software which will allow people to see the most current shows of Location Location Location. With fast broadband people can often also get motown music & horror movies at a much higher speed than slow dial-up access. Compare broadband packages and deals with a comparison site.
Fast broadband is easy to connect. The very first step you yourself will need to do is sign up with an ISP, also known as an Internet Service Provider, and the internet business will supply you yourself with a broadband connection through your phone connection. If people currently have an internet provider then make sure users make use of an internet provider comparison service for neutral advice on the cheapest internet deals. You yourself can quickly get the very best deals with a broadband comparison site by just entering in your location and then the site will give a list of broadband packages in your city. You will be under no pressure to sign up with any internet while people look through the broadband deals.
Once users have signed up with your ISP the company will often supply a time for turning on the connection & supply you with any required wireless routers and connection software. The wireless routers & CD software might well come with step by step instructions and the majority of corporations will often offer surfers technical support if needed.
Once surfers have successfully connected to the worldwide web surfers may start to revel in the quick speeds of broadband. If users are going to get music, television shows such as Star Trek or romantic movies please be aware of any download limits you yourself may have on your www package. Classical music and TV downloads such as Stargate might often take up a lot of your ‘download allocation’ as they are big in file size.
Les Beaux Arts01 Jul 2008 08:19 pm
Why We Scrapbook
Do you remember looking through your parent’s old photo albums, or maybe the pictures of loved ones on the wall at your grandparents, and ever wonder who that person really was?
The act of scrapbooking encompasses more than just putting photos into an album; it is the recording of those moments, events and seemingly mundane times in our lives. I believe that in this era of fast paced, want it now, lifestyle we tend to forget to really stop and get to know someone, including ourselves and our family. Although I am not suggesting that we go back in time, I think it is important that we remember to share on a personal level with those that we love.
Scrapbooking is one great tool to do just that. We can record our personal likes/dislikes, beliefs and dreams with those that know us best and even those who we have yet to meet or may come into our family long after we are gone. I know there have been times when a single moment has made me smile or capture my awe and I have believed I would never forget it, but now could not share it with you because it is gone. What if that had been recorded in even a single sentence and could be shared?
Now I am not saying that every moment in our lives has to be recorded, but if you have a tool already in place, when those important “I don’t ever want to forget this” moment’s happen, it does not take much to make sure it is not forgotten. Scrapbooking is an easy option with so many ways to make it personally yours.
My children are in those wonderful pre-teen years and are off doing so many great and wonderful things as they discover their abilities and dreams. I love to record our conversations when they discover something new about themselves or the world around them. It is really no different then when your toddler first discovers a butterfly and can follow it around the yard. You will always hold those moments in your heart. My children ask me on a regular basis to tell them something special I remember about them when they were little. I find myself telling the same few stories over again. This year I have made it my goal to add those moments into my scrapbook, so that they will always have those memories to ponder and share with their children and grandchildren. They were moments that defined them and put smiles on their faces every time they are told.
I challenge you to make this the year you record some of those memories locked inside your heart for all of those in your world to share. Scrapbooking those memories may make them smile, maybe even cry, but it will touch them forever.
Tammy Morales
About the Author: Tammy Morales is a successful author and regular contributor to The Best Scrapbooking Supplies.com
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